Grammar · Vocabulary · Reading · Writing · Literature
How to identify and convert between active and passive voice.
Describing words that modify nouns and verbs.
How writers make brief, indirect references to history, mythology, the Bible, or other works to add meaning without explanation.
Using a, an, the and other determiners correctly.
Identifying whether a text aims to inform, persuade, entertain, or explain.
Rules for capitalising proper nouns, titles, and sentence beginnings.
How authors reveal who a character is through direct statement, action, speech, thought, and the reactions of others.
How to cite sources using MLA and acknowledge your references.
Independent and dependent clauses, including relative clauses.
Word partnerships that sound natural to native speakers — how to recognise, learn, and use collocations correctly.
Identifying similarities and differences between texts, ideas, or characters.
Open, closed, and hyphenated compound words.
Coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions.
The literal meaning of a word versus its emotional associations.
Using surrounding text to work out the meaning of unknown words.
Techniques for developing original stories, characters, and imaginative content.
How to construct arguments, rebuttal, and spot logical fallacies.
Using sensory language, imagery, and detail to paint vivid pictures.
Reporting what people say using quotation marks or reported speech.
How to improve your writing through review, correction, and refinement.
Structure, thesis statements, body paragraphs, and conclusions.
How to explain ideas clearly through structured, factual writing.
Metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole, and more.
How authors hint at future events to build suspense, and how to identify and write foreshadowing effectively.
Understanding register — when and how to adjust your language for different audiences and purposes.
Tenses, verb forms, clauses and punctuation rules.
Words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings.
Common English phrases whose meaning differs from their literal words.
Reading between the lines and drawing conclusions from evidence.
Reading and analysing non-fiction: features, structure, and purpose.
Understanding verbal, situational, and dramatic irony — how authors create meaning through the gap between expectation and reality.
Formal and informal letters, emails, and their conventions.
Analysing plot, character, setting, conflict, theme, and point of view.
Story elements, themes and literary devices
Identifying topic sentences, supporting details, and central message.
Critically analysing news, advertising, and digital media.
Story structure, dialogue, character development, and descriptive detail.
Common, proper, abstract, collective, and possessive nouns.
Topic sentences, supporting details, and concluding sentences.
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and more
Structuring arguments with evidence, counterarguments, and rhetorical devices.
Rhyme, rhythm, metre, stanza types, imagery, and literary devices in poetry.
How first-person, second-person, and third-person narration shape what readers know, feel, and trust about a story.
How affixes attach to root words to change meaning.
Words showing relationships of place, time, and direction.
Personal, possessive, reflexive, and relative pronouns.
How to plan, deliver, and improve spoken presentations.
Commas, apostrophes, colons, semicolons, and quotation marks.
Strategies, inference and main idea
Structure, language, and conventions of formal reports.
Finding and evaluating sources, note-taking, and avoiding plagiarism.
Greek and Latin roots and the origin of English words.
How writers use humour, irony, and exaggeration to criticise people, institutions, and society.
Simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.
Silent letters, double letters, homophones, and common spelling rules.
Ensuring verbs always match their subjects in number.
How to condense a text into its most essential points.
Understanding how authors use objects, colours, and images to represent deeper meanings beyond their literal value.
Words with similar and opposite meanings; shades of meaning.
How authors organise information: sequence, comparison, cause-effect, and more.
Understanding how authors convey attitude through tone, and how readers experience emotional atmosphere through mood.
Declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences — classifying sentences by purpose.
Action, linking, and helping verbs; conjugation and subject-verb agreement.
Word meaning, prefixes, suffixes and roots.
Grouping related words that share a common root.
Paragraph structure, essays and clarity