Writing
Paragraph Structure
A well-written paragraph has three clear parts, each with a specific job.
1. Topic Sentence The opening sentence that states the main idea of the paragraph. Everything else in the paragraph should relate back to this.
2. Supporting Details Facts, examples, explanations, or evidence that develop and support the topic sentence. Aim for two to four supporting sentences.
3. Concluding Sentence The closing sentence that restates the main idea in different words and signals the end of the paragraph.
Example paragraph: Dogs make excellent pets for families. (topic sentence) They are loyal companions who provide comfort and entertainment for both children and adults. They also encourage physical activity through daily walks. (supporting details) For these reasons, a dog can be a wonderful addition to any home. (concluding sentence)
Transition Words
Transition words connect ideas within and between paragraphs, making your writing flow smoothly.
| Purpose | Examples |
|---|---|
| Adding information | Furthermore, In addition, Also, Moreover |
| Contrasting | However, On the other hand, Although, Despite |
| Showing cause/effect | Therefore, As a result, Consequently, Because |
| Sequencing | First, Next, Then, Finally, Afterwards |
| Concluding | In conclusion, To summarise, Overall |
Types of Essays
Narrative essay — tells a story, often from personal experience. Uses descriptive language and a clear sequence of events.
Expository essay — explains or informs. Presents facts and information clearly and objectively.
Persuasive essay — argues a point of view. Uses evidence and reasoning to convince the reader.
Descriptive essay — paints a detailed picture of a person, place, or thing using sensory language.
The Writing Process
Good writing rarely happens in one go. Follow these steps:
- Plan — brainstorm ideas, choose a focus, make a simple outline
- Draft — write freely without worrying about perfection
- Revise — check that ideas are clear and well-organised
- Edit — correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation
- Publish — produce a clean final version
Common Writing Mistakes
- Starting every sentence with "I"
- Using the same word repeatedly — vary your vocabulary
- Writing very long sentences — break them up
- Forgetting to indent or leave a line between paragraphs
- Ending an essay without a conclusion